Introduction of adhesive and costimulatory immune functions into tumor cells by infection with Newcastle Disease Virus
ABSTRACT
We demonstrate in this study that infection of tumor cells by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) leads to changes in tumor cell surface adhesiveness and tumor immune costimulatory function. While adsorbtion of virions to the cell surface occurs after short-term (10 min) incubation and leads to cells expressing viral antigens at low antigen density (LAD), viral replication in the cytoplasm occurs within 5-24 h leading to tumor cells expressing viral antigens at high antigen density (HAD) as shown by quantitative FACS flow cytometry. Virus infected tumor cells showed an increased adhesiveness for erythrocytes and lymphocytes. When IL-2 preactivated human lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential were coincubated with 51Cr-labeled NDV-infected or non-infected human colon carcinoma cells increased lysis of the virus infected targets was observed. The virus mediated cell adhesion could be inhibited by monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecule but not by antibody against the fusion protein. HN cDNA transfectants also mediated increased lymphocyte adhesion in comparison to wild-type or neo-vector transfected control cells. Further experiments demonstrated that not only the adhesion domain of HN but also the neuraminidase plays a role in cell-cell interactions. A comparison of an NDV neuraminidase mutant of the strain Australian Victoria (AV-L1) with the parental AV strain revealed pronounced differences in their capacity to mediate lymphocyte binding and costimulatory activity. The mutant with highly decreased neuraminidase activity was very similar to NDV Ulster in adhesive and costimulatory activity while the parental line with high neuraminidase activity was negative for both functions. Costimulatory effects of NDV Ulster and AV-L1 were revealed when virions and suboptimal concentrations of anti-CD3 mAbs were coated to microtiter plates for induction of murine CD4 T cell proliferation. In human autologous mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures up-regulation of T cell activation markers CD69 and CD25 was seen with NDV modified but not with non-modified tumor cells.