Chaperone-rich cell lysates, immune activation and tumor vaccination
ABSTRACT
We have utilized a free-solution-isoelectric focusing technique (FS-IEF) to obtain chaperone-rich cell lysates (CRCL) fractions from clarified tumor homogenates. The FS-IEF technique for enriching multiple chaperones from tumor lysate is relatively easy and rapid, yielding sufficient immunogenic material for clinical use. We have shown that tumor-derived CRCL carry antigenic peptides. Dendritic cells (DCs) uptake CRCL and cross-present the chaperoned peptides to T cells. Tumor-derived CRCL induce protective immune responses against a diverse range of murine tumor types in different genetic backgrounds. When compared to purified heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), single antigenic peptide or unfractionated lysate, CRCL have superior ability to activate/mature DCs and are able to induce potent, long lasting and tumor specific T-cell-mediated immunity. While CRCL vaccines were effective as stand-alone therapies, the enhanced immunogenicity arising from CRCL-pulsed DC as a vaccine indicates that CRCL could be the antigen source of choice for DC-based anti-cancer immunotherapies. The nature of CRCL’s enhanced immunogenicity may lie in the broader antigenic peptide repertoire as well as the superior immune activation capacity of CRCL. Exongenous CRCL also supply danger signals in the context of apoptotic tumor cells and enhance the immunogenicity of apoptotic tumor cells, leading to tumor-specific T cell dependent long-term immunity. Moreover, CRCL based vaccines can be effectively combined with chemotherapy to treat cancer. Our findings indicate that CRCL have prominent adjuvant effects and are effective sources of tumor antigens for pulsing DCs. Tumor-derived CRCL are promising anti-cancer vaccines that warrant clinical research and development.